Researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations

Cleveland Clinic researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations
The research group in Cleveland Clinic's Laboratory for Bionic Integration looking at the inside of the touch robot system. Each small black box provides individual finger sensation to the user through a neural-machine interface. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland Clinic researchers have engineered a first-of-its-kind bionic arm for patients with upper-limb amputations that allows wearers to think, behave and function like a person without an amputation, according to new findings published in Science Robotics.

The Cleveland Clinic-led international research team developed the bionic system that combines three important functions—intuitive motor control, touch and grip kinesthesia, the intuitive feeling of opening and closing the hand. Collaborators included University of Alberta and University of New Brunswick.

"We modified a standard-of-care with this complex bionic system which enables wearers to move their more intuitively and feel sensations of touch and movement at the same time," said lead investigator Paul Marasco, Ph.D., associate professor in Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute's Department of Biomedical Engineering. "These findings are an important step towards providing people with amputation with complete restoration of natural arm function."

The system is the first to test all three sensory and motor functions in a neural-machine interface all at once in a prosthetic arm. The neural-machine interface connects with the wearer's nerves. It enables patients to send nerve impulses from their brains to the prosthetic when they want to use or move it, and to receive physical information from the environment and relay it back to their brain through their nerves.

A participant performing a functional test developed by the University of Alberta. Motion sensitive cameras follow the movements of her eyes and capture the movements of reflective markers on her arms and body while she transfers fragile paper cups from one side of a barrier to another. With intuitive motor control, touch, and movement sensation she moves more like a person without an amputation and she needs to look less at her hand. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

The artificial arm's bi-directional feedback and control enabled study participants to perform tasks with a similar degree of accuracy as non-disabled people.

"Perhaps what we were most excited to learn was that they made judgments, decisions and calculated and corrected for their mistakes like a person without an amputation," said Dr. Marasco, who leads the Laboratory for Bionic Integration. "With the new bionic limb, people behaved like they had a natural hand. Normally, these brain behaviors are very different between people with and without upper limb prosthetics." Dr. Marasco also has an appointment to in Cleveland Clinic's Charles Shor Epilepsy Center and the Cleveland VA Medical Center's Advanced Platform Technology Center.

Cleveland Clinic Researchers Develop Bionic Arm that Restores Natural Behaviors in Patients with Upper Limb Amputations. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

The researchers tested their new bionic limb on two study participants with upper limb amputations who had previously undergone targeted sensory and motor reinnervation -procedures that establish a neural-machine interface by redirecting amputated nerves to remaining skin and muscles. Due to the study's , additional research will be important.

In targeted sensory reinnervation, touching the skin with small robots activates sensory receptors that enable patients to perceive the sensation of touch. In targeted motor reinnervation, when patients think about moving their limbs, the reinnervated muscles communicate with a computerized prosthesis to move in the same way. Additionally, small, powerful robots vibrate kinesthetic sensory receptors in those same muscles which helps prosthesis wearers feel that their hand and arm are moving.

Cleveland Clinic researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations
The bionic prosthetic arm with grip movement sensation and touch. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

While wearing the advanced prosthetic, participants performed tasks reflective of basic, everyday behaviors that require hand and arm functionality. With their newly developed advanced evaluation tools, the researchers assessed how performance with the bionic limb compared to that of non-disabled people and people with amputations who have traditional prosthetic devices. They also compared how people with the advanced prosthetic fared when the three sensory and motor modalities were enabled together versus individually.

According to Dr. Marasco, because people with traditional prosthetics cannot feel with their limbs, they behave differently than people without an amputation while completing tasks during daily living. For example, traditional prosthesis wearers must constantly watch their prosthetic while using it and have trouble learning to correct for mistakes when they apply too much or little force with their hand.

Cleveland Clinic researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations
A participant at Cleveland Clinic with her advanced prosthetic arm that feels grip movement sensation, touch on the fingertips, and is controlled intuitively by thinking. She wearing reflective markers on her arms and body that help a computer see her movements in a 3D environment. Her glasses allow a computer to see exactly what her eyes are looking at in the space around her. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

With the new artificial arm and the advanced evaluation tools, the researchers could see that the study participants' brain and behavioral strategies changed to match those of a person without an . They no longer needed to watch their prosthesis, they could find things without looking, and they could more effectively correct for their mistakes.

"Over the last decade or two, advancements in prosthetics have helped wearers to achieve better functionality and manage daily living on their own," said Dr. Marasco. "For the first time, people with upper limb amputations are now able to again 'think' like an able-bodied person, which stands to offer prosthesis wearers new levels of seamless reintegration back into daily life."

Cleveland Clinic researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations
Cleveland Clinic researchers get an adjustment on the bionic arm system that provides study participant with the perception of grip kinesthesia through her neural-machine interface. Credit: Cleveland Clinic

Beyond this study, the new outcome measurements related to brain behavior and functionality that the international team developed to evaluate the bionic system can be applied to any upper limb prosthetic or deficit that involves sensation and movement.

The study was funded in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, a research and development arm of the Department of Defense. In 2018, Dr. Marasco published a seminal paper in Science Translational Medicine on a new method of restoring natural movement sensation in patients with prosthetic arms.

More information: Neurorobotic fusion of prosthetic touch, kinesthesia, and movement in bionic upper limbs promotes intrinsic brain behaviors, Science Robotics (2021). DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abf3368

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Citation: Researchers develop bionic arm that restores natural behaviors in patients with upper limb amputations (2021, September 1) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://techxplore.com/news/2021-09-bionic-arm-natural-behaviors-patients.html
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