a) Schematic depiction (not to scale) of the SRBW electrochemical cell that consists of a glass electrolyte chamber containing the neutral electrolyte (0.1 M sodium phosphate; Na2HPO/NaH2PO4) atop the chipscale SRBW device, which comprises a piezoelectric (lithium niobate; LiNbO3) substrate on which an interdigital transducer (IDT) electrode is patterned. A circular polycrystalline gold (Au) working electrode (WE) is also patterned on the substrate in the SRBW propagation pathway beneath the chamber. The electrochemical setup is completed by an Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE) and platinum (Pt) wire counter electrode (CE) mounted in the lid of the chamber. b,c) Laser Doppler vibrometry scans of the SRBWs (20 dBm) propagating on the LiNbO3 substrate and through the WE (dashed outline); the color bar denotes the magnitude of the surface acceleration associated with the SRBW. Credit: Advanced Energy Materials (2022). DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202203164

Engineers in Melbourne have used sound waves to boost production of green hydrogen by 14 times, through electrolysis to split water.

They say their invention offers a promising way to tap into a plentiful supply of cheap hydrogen fuel for transportation and other sectors, which could radically reduce carbon emissions and help fight climate change.

By using high-frequency vibrations to "divide and conquer" individual water molecules during electrolysis, the team managed to split the water molecules to release 14 times more hydrogen compared with standard electrolysis techniques.

Electrolysis involves electricity running through water with two to split into oxygen and hydrogen gases, which appear as bubbles. This process produces green hydrogen, which represents just a small fraction of hydrogen production globally due to the required.

Most hydrogen is produced from splitting , known as blue hydrogen, which emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Associate Professor Amgad Rezk from RMIT University, who led the work, said the team's innovation tackles big challenges for green hydrogen production.

"One of the main challenges of electrolysis is the high cost of materials used, such as platinum or iridium," said Rezk from RMIT's School of Engineering.

"With sound waves making it much easier to extract hydrogen from water, it eliminates the need to use corrosive electrolytes and expensive electrodes such as platinum or iridium.

"As water is not a corrosive electrolyte, we can use much cheaper electrode materials such as silver."

The ability to use low-cost electrode materials and avoiding the use of highly corrosive electrolytes were gamechangers for lowering the costs of producing green hydrogen, Rezk said.

The research is published in Advanced Energy Materials. An Australian provisional patent application has been filed to protect the new technology.

First author Yemima Ehrnst said the sound waves also prevented the build-up of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles on the electrodes, which greatly improved its conductivity and stability.

"Electrode materials used in electrolysis suffer from hydrogen and oxygen gas build-up, forming a gas layer that minimizes the electrodes' activity and significantly reduces its performance," said Ehrnst, a Ph.D. researcher at RMIT's School of Engineering.

As part of their experiments the team measured the amount of hydrogen produced through electrolysis with and without sound waves from the .

"The electrical output of the electrolysis with was about 14 times greater than without them, for a given input voltage. This was equivalent to the amount of produced," Ehrnst said.

The potential applications of the team's work

Distinguished Professor Leslie Yeo, one of the lead senior researchers, said the team's breakthrough opened the door to using this new acoustic platform for other applications, especially where bubble build-up on the electrodes was a challenge.

"Our ability to suppress bubble build-up on the electrodes and rapidly remove them through high-frequency vibrations represents a major advance for electrode conductivity and stability," said Yeo from RMIT's School of Engineering.

"With our method, we can potentially improve the conversion efficiency leading to a net-positive energy saving of 27%."

Next steps

While the innovation is promising, the team needs to overcome challenges with integrating the sound-wave innovation with existing electrolyzers to scale up the work.

"We are keen to collaborate with industry partners to boost and complement their existing electrolyzer technology and integrate into existing processes and systems," Yeo said.

More information: Yemima Ehrnst et al, Acoustically‐Induced Water Frustration for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Neutral Electrolytes, Advanced Energy Materials (2022). DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202203164

Journal information: Advanced Energy Materials

Provided by RMIT University