Electrochemical energy storage encompasses the materials, architectures, and mechanisms that govern rechargeable batteries across diverse chemistries, including lithium-ion, lithium-metal, sodium-ion, multivalent, and aqueous systems. Central themes include the design of advanced cathode and anode materials, solid and polymer electrolytes, and engineered interfaces that control ion transport, interphase formation, dendrite growth, and degradation. The field also integrates manufacturing strategies, operando characterization, and data-driven or AI-guided optimization to improve energy density, safety, cycle life, and fast-charging capability in next-generation batteries.
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