AI regulation encompasses legal and policy frameworks governing the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence, with particular emphasis on risk-based oversight, data protection, and market power. In Europe, instruments such as the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR interact with competition rules and cloud infrastructure policies to shape digital sovereignty and constrain dominant technology platforms. Debates address regulatory scope, extraterritorial effects, high‑risk system obligations, training data governance, and the balance between innovation, safety, and geopolitical autonomy.
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