Carbon capture utilization encompasses technologies that separate carbon dioxide from air, flue gas, or aqueous streams and convert it into fuels, chemicals, and materials. Approaches span sorbent- and solvent-based capture, moisture- and pressure-swing processes, chemical looping, and direct air capture, often integrated with solar, electrochemical, and bio-based systems. Captured CO2 and biogenic carbon are transformed via catalysis, photoelectrochemistry, microbial and thermochemical pathways into products such as methane, methanol, formic acid, plastics, bio-oil, and solid carbon, frequently using waste biomass, wastewater, and plastics as feedstocks.
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