Lithium battery recycling encompasses processes and technologies for recovering lithium and other critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries and natural brines. Approaches include electrochemical separation, membrane-based selective extraction, deep eutectic and switchable solvents, microbial electrochemical systems, and thermal methods such as flash Joule heating and microwave-assisted processing. The field also addresses direct cathode regeneration, electrode material upcycling, and integration with renewable energy, aiming to close material loops, reduce environmental impacts, and secure supply of strategic elements for energy storage technologies.
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