Low-carbon heating systems encompass technologies and strategies that provide space and water heating with greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil-fuel-based systems. Core approaches include electrification via heat pumps, utilization of shallow and deep geothermal resources, mine-water and waste-heat district heating, and integration with thermal energy storage such as borehole fields, energy piles, and compact phase-change batteries. The domain also addresses building envelope optimization, smart control for grid flexibility, techno-economic assessment, and policy and behavioral factors influencing large-scale heating transitions.
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