Energy transition denotes the large-scale shift of energy systems from fossil fuel dependence toward low- and zero-carbon sources such as solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal, and green hydrogen, supported by grid-scale storage and electrification of end uses. Research in this area examines technology cost and performance, system optimization models, infrastructure and land-use planning, policy and market design, social acceptance and justice, and the repurposing of legacy coal and industrial assets to achieve net-zero emissions while maintaining reliability and affordability.
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