3-D bioprinting technique could create artificial blood vessels, organ tissue

3-D bioprinting technique could create artificial blood vessels, organ tissue
Orthogonal programming of matrix stiffness and geometry via oxygen inhibition-assisted stereolithography. a Schematic set-up of digital projection stereolithographic 3D printing system where hydrogel precursor solution is cured layer-by-layer through UV exposure. Inset is a SEM image of a 3D-printed complex object. Scale bar is 500 μm. b Schematic of oxygen inhibition-assisted printing, in which the curing zone is physically limited between the cured region and the oxygen inhibition layer. c Depth profile of double bond conversion rate under different UV exposure dosages. The thickness of oxygen inhibition layer is weakly dependent to the exposure dosages, and so does the curing thickness. The double bond conversion rate rapidly increases with the dosage when dosage is above the threshold. d Bright-field optical image of a printed buffalo logo with independently patterned stiffness and geometry (binary stiffness but flat surface). High optical contrast indicates the strong differences in crosslink density and, therefore, the stiffness. Scale bar is 200 μm. e Quantification of optical contrast (black line) and geometry (blue line) variation along the dotted line in b reveals sharp differences in contrast (stiffness) but little feature height variation ( < 1%). Credit: Nature Communications (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06685-1

University of Colorado Boulder engineers have developed a 3-D printing technique that allows for localized control of an object's firmness, opening up new biomedical avenues that could one day include artificial arteries and organ tissue.

The study, which was recently published in the journal Nature Communications, outlines a layer-by-layer printing method that features fine-grain, programmable control over rigidity, allowing researchers to mimic the complex geometry of that are highly structured and yet must remain pliable.

The findings could one day lead to better, more personalized treatments for those suffering from hypertension and other vascular diseases.

"The idea was to add independent mechanical properties to 3-D structures that can mimic the body's natural tissue," said Xiaobo Yin, an associate professor in CU Boulder's Department of Mechanical Engineering and the senior author of the study. "This technology allows us to create microstructures that can be customized for disease models."

Hardened blood vessels are associated with cardiovascular disease, but engineering a solution for viable artery and tissue replacement has historically proven challenging.

To overcome these hurdles, the researchers found a unique way to take advantage of oxygen's role in setting the final form of a 3-D-printed .

"Oxygen is usually a bad thing in that it causes incomplete curing," said Yonghui Ding, a postdoctoral researcher in Mechanical Engineering and the lead author of the study. "Here, we utilize a layer that allows a fixed rate of oxygen permeation."

By keeping tight control over oxygen migration and its subsequent light exposure, Ding said, the researchers have the freedom to control which areas of an object are solidified to be harder or softer—all while keeping the overall geometry the same.

"This is a profound development and an encouraging first step toward our goal of creating structures that function like a healthy cell should function," Ding said.

As a demonstration, the researchers printed three versions of a simple structure: a top beam supported by two rods. The structures were identical in shape, size and materials, but had been printed with three variations in rod rigidity: soft/soft, hard/soft and hard/hard. The harder rods supported the top beam while the softer rods allowed it to fully or partially collapse.

The researchers repeated the feat with a small Chinese warrior figure, printing it so that the outer layers remained hard while the interior remained soft, leaving the warrior with a tough exterior and a tender heart, so to speak.

The tabletop-sized printer is currently capable of working with biomaterials down to a size of 10 microns, or about one-tenth the width of a human hair. The researchers are optimistic that future studies will help improve the capabilities even further.

"The challenge is to create an even finer scale for the chemical reactions," said Yin. "But we see tremendous opportunity ahead for this technology and the potential for artificial tissue fabrication."

More information: Hang Yin et al, Orthogonal programming of heterogeneous micro-mechano-environments and geometries in three-dimensional bio-stereolithography, Nature Communications (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06685-1

Journal information: Nature Communications
Citation: 3-D bioprinting technique could create artificial blood vessels, organ tissue (2018, October 22) retrieved 19 March 2024 from https://techxplore.com/news/2018-10-d-bioprinting-technique-artificial-blood.html
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