Internet

Using machine learning to close Canada's digital divide

Rural and remote communities in Canada often rely on satellites to access the internet, but those connections are fraught—with many glitches and service interruptions because the technology can be unreliable. The inequity ...

Energy & Green Tech

Wireless tech measures soil moisture at multiple depths in real time

Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a wireless system that uses radio transmitters and receivers to estimate soil moisture in agricultural fields at multiple depths in real time, improving on existing ...

Engineering

Building the future with self-healing concrete and biocement

After water, concrete is the most widely used substance on Earth. With applications from housing and industry to coastal defense and infrastructure, concrete and cement are at the cornerstone of life, quite literally.

Engineering

Bridges under pressure

Can a bridge withstand an earthquake? One of the big unknowns is how far a bridge might settle from seismic shaking, especially if the shaking triggers a quicksand-like soil response called liquefaction.

Engineering

Permeable pavements to help mitigate flood disasters

This year has seen one of Australia's worst flood disasters on record in the eastern states, with 23 people killed, thousands left homeless, and a damage bill expected to top $1.5 billion.

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Soil

Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. It is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states. Soil particles pack loosely, forming a soil structure filled with pore spaces. These pores contain sol solution (liquid) and air (gas). Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three state system. Most soils have a density between 1 and 2 g/cm³. Soil is also known as earth: it is the substance from which our planet takes its name. Little of the soil composition of planet Earth is older than Tertiary and most no older than Pleistocene. In engineering, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material.

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